基于MODIS和TRMM数据的黄土高原农业干旱监测          下载免费PDF全文

胡鹏飞  李净  王丹  黄康刚 《干旱区地理》2019,42(1):172-179

农业干旱对农业生产影响最为严重，基于站点观测数据的干旱指数不能准确监测区域尺度的农业干旱特征。因此，本文利用2003—2010年MODIS地表温度（LST）、植被指数（NDVI）和TRMM降水（3B43）数据以及1960—2015年黄土高原地区及周边92个气象站点的月均温和月降水量数据，构建了综合遥感干旱监测模型规模干旱条件指数（Scale Drought Condition Index，SDCI），对黄土高原地区农用地生长季（4~10月）旱情的时空分布特征进行研究，结果表明：黄土高原地区农用地生长季多年平均干旱状态为中度干旱，干旱程度在空间上表现为西北部较严重，东南部较轻。2003—2010年黄土高原地区旱情年际变化呈缓慢加重趋势，2003—2007年旱情持续加重，2007—2009旱情缓慢减轻，2009—2010年旱情又加重。黄土高原地区旱情年内变化表现4-8月持续减轻，8-10月持续加重，干旱程度具体表现为4月呈严重干旱，5月、6月和10月呈中度干旱，7月、8月和9月呈轻度干旱。研究表明利用多源遥感数据构建的具有适当权重的SDCI可以有效监测黄土高原地区作物生长季的干旱状况。  相似文献   

极端波浪作用下海上施工栈桥承载性能评估     

刘强  魏凯 《海洋工程》2019,37(4):134-141

海上施工栈桥作为一种可以快速装配的施工辅助设施,在跨海大桥建设中得到广泛应用。为研究海上施工栈桥在极端波浪作用下的结构性能,基于波浪增量分析(IWA)理论,提出海上施工栈桥承载性能评估方法。以某在役海上施工栈桥为例,考虑杆件弹塑性和节点局部柔性建立结构非线性分析模型,评估了海上施工栈桥在不同方向极端波浪荷载作用下的结构承载性能及倒塌失效模式。研究表明,随着极端波高逐渐增大,栈桥依次出现首次屈服、塑性铰和倒塌起始三种非线性行为点,结构将依次经历正常使用、可以使用、临近倒塌和倒塌破坏四个承载性能状态;波浪入射方向对于海上施工栈桥的承载性能和倒塌失效模式影响较大;海上施工栈桥的主要薄弱部位位于钢管桩桩底及其与支撑框架下横撑相交的节点处,应在设计中重点关注。  相似文献   

三沙永乐龙洞洞底沉积速率变化及其影响因素     

李建坤  李铁刚  丰爱平  杜军  邹欣庆  刘世昊  于晓晓  段佰川 《海洋学报》2019,41(5):107-117

三沙永乐龙洞位于西沙永乐环礁，是目前世界范围内已探明的最深蓝洞，其内部沉积动力环境相对单一，是研究沉积速率变化的天然实验室。龙洞洞底约24 cm以浅沉积物粒度分析结果显示，洞底浅埋沉积物以砂质组分为主，平均粒径多介于22.9~123.9 μm之间，在表层、4 cm、9.5 cm以及21 cm深度分别出现了沉积物变粗、砂含量增多的现象；利用210Pb的CRS定年模式计算得到底层沉积物沉积时间为1896年，平均沉积速率为0.19 cm/a，在4 cm和9.5 cm深度沉积速率急剧增加。柱状样顶部沉积速率显著增加，与近年来西沙地区人类活动加剧吻合。沉积物粒度变粗以及沉积速率骤然加快现象，与西沙地区台风活动频繁相关，通过对比历史台风记录，验证了沉积物在1999-2001年以及2010-2011年所记录的6次台风事件:199902、199915、200110、201002、201005以及201118。推测龙洞洞底沉积物沉积速率主要受台风活动影响，近期有人类活动影响的痕迹。  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal Distribution of Famine and Its Relationship with Climate,Disaster, Harvest in North China During 1736-1911     

Lingbo Xiao 《地球科学进展》2020,35(5):478-487

Based on records on famine kept in historical documents, 2950 famine events counted with “county time” in North China during 1736-1911 were collected, and annual famine index series in North China was reconstructed using weighted average method according to the severity of famine. Spatio-temporal distribution of famine and its relationship with climate, disaster and harvest was analyzed. The research shows that variation of temperature and precipitation has significant negative correlation with poor harvest and famine. The drought has a more significant correlation with harvest and famine than flood. In 1736-1795 when was at the peak of the Qing dynasty, the sensitivity of poor harvest and famine to drought was significantly lower than in 1796-1911 when was in decline, because effective social response to disaster could reduce the risk of poor harvest and famine. Using the kernel density estimation method, three main high risk areas of famine were indentified: Fen River Valley in south Shanxi Province, south-central He'nan Province, and the junction of Hebei, Shandong and He'nan Province. In general, there is significant corresponding relationship between the spatial distribution of drought, poor harvest and famine, however, abnormally high probability of famine in south-central He'nan Province might be related to local special socio-economic vulnerability. This study would enhance our understanding of the nature of interactions between climate change and socioeconomic system. Further research would focus on the mechanism by which famine originated in the past, and the pathway through which climatic impacts were delivered in human society.  相似文献   

东南极拉斯曼丘陵夕线石榴二长片麻岩的格林威尔期变质作用和构造意义     

宗师  任留东  武梅千 《岩石学报》2020,36(6):1931-1944

东南极拉斯曼丘陵出露的中-高级变质岩是普里兹湾基底岩系的主要组成部分,是研究普里兹湾高级区组成与演化的理想对象。本文对拉斯曼丘陵米洛半岛地区的夕线石榴二长片麻岩进行了岩石学、相平衡模拟和地质年代学研究。研究结果表明拉斯曼丘陵夕线石榴二长片麻岩矿物组合为石榴子石+堇青石+斜长石+钛铁矿+夕线石+石英±黑云母±钾长石,经历了格林威尔期(～980Ma)高温变质,其峰期阶段(M1)的矿物组合为石榴子石+斜长石+钾长石+钛铁矿+夕线石+石英,变质温压条件为:～820℃、～9. 6kbar。夕线石榴二长片麻岩的岩浆锆石比变质锆石具有更低的LREE和更高的HREE含量,其原岩的沉积年龄不早于～1073Ma,物源主要为中元古代岩浆岩(S-型花岗岩)。拉斯曼丘陵在格林威尔期经历了陆-陆碰撞,进而快速折返、剥蚀作用的过程。  相似文献   

Evaluation of uncalibrated energy balance model (BAITSSS) for estimating evapotranspiration in a semiarid,advective climate     

Ramesh Dhungel  Robert Aiken  Paul D. Colaizzi  Xiaomao Lin  Dan O'Brien  R. Louis Baumhardt  David K. Brauer  Gary W. Marek 《水文研究》2019,33(15):2110-2130

The backward‐averaged iterative two‐source surface temperature and energy balance solution (BAITSSS) model was developed to calculate evapotranspiration (ET) at point to regional scales. The BAITSSS model is driven by micrometeorological data and vegetation indices and simulates the water and energy balance of the soil and canopy sources separately, using the Jarvis model to calculate canopy resistance. The BAITSSS model has undergone limited testing in Idaho, United States. We conducted a blind test of the BAITSSS model without prior calibration for ET against weighing lysimeter measurements, net radiation, and surface temperature of drought‐tolerant corn (Zea mays L. cv. PIO 1151) in a semiarid, advective climate (Bushland, Texas, United States) in 2016. Later in the season (20 days), BAITSSS consistently overestimated ET by up to 3 mm d^?1. For the entire growing season (127 days), simulated versus measured ET resulted in a 7% error in cumulative ET, RMSE = 0.13 mm h^?1, and 1.70 mm d^?1; r² = 0.66 (daily) and r² = 0.84 (hourly); MAE = 0.08 mm h^?1 and 1.24 mm d^?1; and MBE = 0.02 mm h^?1 and 0.58 mm d^?1. The results were comparable with thermally driven instantaneous ET models that required some calibration. Next, the initial soil water boundary condition was reduced, and model revisions were made to resistance terms related to incomplete cover and assumption of canopy senescence. The revisions reduced discrepancies between measured and modelled ET resulting in <1% error in cumulative ET, RMSE = 0.1 mm h^?1, and 1.09 mm d^?1; r² = 0.86 (daily) and r² = 0.90 (hourly); MAE = 0.06 mm h^?1 and 0.79 mm d^?1; and MBE = 0.0 mm h^?1 and 0.17 mm d^?1 and generally mitigated the previous overestimation. The advancement in ET modelling with BAITSSS assists to minimize uncertainties in crop ET modelling in a time series.  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal variations in extreme drought in China during 1961–2015     

Zhang  Jing  Shen  Yanjun 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(1):67-83

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Understanding the past variations in extreme drought is especially beneficial to the improvement of drought resistance planning and drought risk management in...  相似文献   

热带太平洋盐度变化:2015?2017年盐度异常     

史荒原  杜凌  徐道欢 《海洋学报》2020,42(3):47-58

本文利用Argo海水盐度资料、海流同化数据和同期大气再分析数据，探讨热带太平洋盐度趋势变化和相关动力过程。Argo资料显示，2015?2017年热带太平洋出现显著的盐度异常(SAE)，这是改变长期趋势的主要原因，表现为表层显著淡化和次表层咸化特征。这种盐度异常具有明显的区域性特征和垂直结构的差异，体现在热带太平洋北部海区(NTP)和南太平洋辐合区(SPCZ)表层淡化，盐度最大变幅为0.71～0.92，淡化可以达到混合层底；热带太平洋南部海区(STP)次表层咸化，最大变幅为0.46，主要发生在温跃层附近，期间盐度异常沿着等位密面从西向东扩展。平流和挟卷是与SAE密切相关的海洋动力过程，两者在NTP淡化海域有着持续而较为显著的影响，在SPCZ淡化、STP咸化海域后期贡献也较大，其中盐度平流对热带太平洋海区盐度变化起主要贡献。NTP淡化海区表层淡水通量和STP咸化海区密度补偿引起的混合也是SAE的重要影响因素。  相似文献   

陆架海岸台风沉积记录及信息提取   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

高抒  贾建军  杨阳  周亮  魏稳  梅衍俊  李亚南  王黎  赵培培  刘桢峤  张丽芬 《海洋学报》2019,41(10):141-160

长时间尺度风暴强度–频率关系与气候变化相关联，而器测记录和历史记载难以提供充分的信息，因此从沉积记录中提取风暴信息成为一个前沿科学问题。在应用上，这项研究可为海岸带城市群应对未来气候和海面变化提供决策依据。本文回顾了台风沉积记录研究进展，显示陆架泥质沉积、海滩及海岸沙丘、潮滩、潟湖、巨砾是台风事件记录的良好载体，可通过层序形态和物质特性分析而识别。同时，还需进一步完善分析方法，以区分台风、冬季风暴、河流洪水和海啸等不同类型的极端事件沉积。在台风强度信息提取方面，陆架泥质沉积所含贝壳–粗颗粒沉积物可作为海底再悬浮强度的指标，但需更多实测数据的率定；海滩及海岸沙丘顶部的台风沉积分布高程指示了台风激浪流的上冲高度，而台风巨砾的重量可以与近岸波浪的波高建立联系。以上数据经过换算后可以得出台风强度的信息，虽然这些间接的沉积学信息还不足以建立风暴强度–频率关系，但有助于台风强度大数据的建立。潮滩、潟湖沉积连续性好，可构成台风事件的时间序列，然而关于台风强度却是多解的，台风最大风力、持续时间、移动路径、登陆地点的不同组合可能产生同样的事件沉积。我们建议，应发展台风信息提取的新方法，来解决这个问题。进行现代过程模拟，根据已知的台风事件资料构建沉积物输运堆积模型，使之能够复演事件沉积的特征；进行多个地点事件沉积的反演模拟，在此情形下，即便每个站位的结果是多解的，但针对多个站位上求取其解的交集之后，多解性将下降，这种模拟方法可称之为“解空间收缩法”；采用大数据融合方式，将其他来源的台风强度数据纳入模拟体系，可进一步降低风暴信息提取的不确定性。动力过程模拟与大数据融合方法的建立，有助于获得与沉积记录同样时间尺度的台风强度–频率关系曲线，进而分析台风动态与气候变化的关系。  相似文献   

Origin of mud in turbidites and hybrid event beds: Insight from ponded mudstone caps of the Castagnola turbidite system (north-west Italy)     

Marco Patacci  Mattia Marini  Fabrizio Felletti  Andrea Di Giulio  Massimo Setti  William McCaffrey 《Sedimentology》2020,67(5):2625-2644

The partitioning of different grain-size classes in gravity flow deposits is one of the key characteristics used to infer depositional processes. Turbidites have relatively clean sandstones with most of their clay deposited as part of a mudstone cap or as a distal mudstone layer, whereas sand-bearing debrites commonly comprise mixtures of sand grains and interstitial clay; hybrid event beds develop alternations of clean and dirty (clay-rich) sandstones in varying proportions. Analysis of co-genetic mudstone caps in terms of thickness and composition is a novel approach that can provide new insight into gravity flow depositional processes. Bed thickness data from the ponded Castagnola system show that turbidites contain more clay overall than do hybrid event beds. The Castagnola system is characterized by deposits of two very different petrographic types. Thanks to this duality, analyses of sandstone and mudstone composition allow inference of which proportion of the clay in each of the deposit types was acquired en route. In combination with standard sedimentological observations the new data allow insight into the likely characteristics of their parent flows. Clean turbidites were deposited by lower concentration, long duration, erosive, muddy turbidity currents which were more efficient at fractionating clay particles away from their basal layer. Hybrid event beds were deposited by shorter duration, higher-concentration, less-erosive sandier flows which were less efficient at clay fractionation. The results are consistent with data from other turbidite systems (for example, Marnoso-arenacea). The approach represents a new method to infer the controls on the degree of clay partitioning in gravity flow deposits.  相似文献